A comparison of the Unified Force Theory calculated force carrier strengths to the empirically derived force carrier strengths of the Standard Model.

The Standard Model attempts to describe force carriers in terms of particles.

Each force is carried by an elementary particle.  The electromagnetic force, for instance, is mediated by the photon, the basic quantum of electromagnetic radiation. The strong force is mediated by the gluon, the weak force by the W and Z particles, and gravity is thought to be mediated by the graviton.[1]

To begin with, the Standard Model photon is not truly quantum.  There is a different “sized” photon for each frequency of electromagnetic radiation.  In addition, all force carriers in the Standard Model incorrectly express in terms of particles.  If force carriers were truly particles, then binding energy would be equal to the force of the force carrier times the distance it travels.  This is not the case.  The concept of a force being a particle is meaningless.

In the Aether Physics Model, the force carriers are the electrostatic charge, electromagnetic charge, and mass.  The so-called “weak force” is really just a proportion of electrostatic charge to electromagnetic charge.  The true source of force in the Universe is the Gforce, which acts through Coulomb’s electrostatic constant, the strong charge constant (quantum Aether unit), and the Newton gravitational constant.

Here we will determine the relative strengths of Gforce as it acts on electrostatic charge, electromagnetic charge, and mass.  But since the Standard Model experiments that determine the relative strengths of the forces are expressed in single dimension charge, we will have to compare the square root of APM charges to the Standard Model charges in order to observe the relative strengths.

We will begin with the electrostatic charge, taking it to be equal to 1 elementary charge in the Standard Model.  The strong charges will now compare in terms of electrostatic charge.  The proton and neutron strong charges are each nearly 100 times greater in magnitude than the elementary charge, as determined by the Standard Model.  The electron strong charge is only 2.335 times stronger than the elementary charge, when we view the strength of single dimension charge.  The Standard Model does not recognize the strong charge of the electron, but if it did, we would likely observe it in electron plasmas.

$$\sqrt {{e^2}}  = e$$

$$\sqrt {{e_{pmax}}^2}  = 100.058e$$

$$\sqrt {{e_{nmax}}^2}  = 100.127e$$

$$\sqrt {{e_{emax}}^2}  = 2.335e$$

The weak nuclear interaction calculates for the proton and neutron as:

$$8\pi p = {\text{9}}.{\text{988}} \times {\text{1}}{0^{ - {\text{5}}}}$$

$$8\pi n = {\text{9}}.{\text{975}} \times {\text{1}}{0^{ - {\text{5}}}}$$

Since both results are already ratios comparing the electrostatic charge to strong charge, they remain just as they are.  So in comparing the electrostatic charge, strong charge, and weak interaction, the Aether Physics Model makes a direct hit when it predicts the relative strengths of the force carriers as seen by the Standard Model.  For a more detailed comparison of the relative strengths of the forces see our paper, Calculations of the Unified Force Theory.

More on the Strong Force

The strong force compared to the electrostatic force between the protons is 1,581,000 times stronger.  The strong force compared to gravitational force between the protons is in the order of 10⁴² times greater.

$$\frac{{rmfd\frac{{{e_{pmax}} \cdot {e_{pmax}}}}{{{\lambda _C}^2}}}}{{{k_C}\frac{{e \cdot e}}{{{\lambda _C}^2}}}} = 1.581 \times {10^6}$$

$$\frac{{rmfd\frac{{{e_{pmax}} \cdot {e_{pmax}}}}{{{\lambda _C}^2}}}}{{G\frac{{{m_p} \cdot {m_p}}}{{{\lambda _C}^2}}}} = 1.954 \times {10^{42}}$$

As in the case of the electron, the ratio of strong force between protons at one quantum distance, to the gravitational force between protons, is equal to the ratio of the mass associated with the Aether to the mass of the proton:

$$\frac{{{m_a}}}{{{m_p}}} = 1.954 \times {10^{42}}$$

At one quantum distance, the strong force clearly rules.  From the above equations, it is possible to find the distances where the forces are relatively equal to each other.  In the case of the proton strong force compared to the proton gravitational force, to equal the gravitational force between two protons at one quantum distance, two protons would have to be 3.391×10⁹ m apart to experience the same magnitude in the strong force.  However, in order for the strong force to be in effect, the two protons would also have to be magnetically aligned with each other.  The south pole of one proton must face the north pole of the other proton in order to effect a complete strong force attraction.

There is a popular myth that the strong force does not reach beyond a very short distance; however, this short reach is in appearance only.  The strong force is so strong, that after a certain distance, an onn must contend with the strong force that carries by all other onta within force range.  The effect is a type of magnetic suspension in space.  Gravity would have a similar problem if it were both repulsive and attractive.  However, since gravity is linear and always attractive (except to anti-matter), it penetrates uniformly through all strong charge and electrostatic charge.

However, when a group of onta has all or most of its strong charge magnetically aligned (such as in a crystal), then the strong force emerges more noticeably than the gravitational force and manifests as permanent magnetism.  Most magnetic effects are due to electron magnetic alignment, but there are likely special cases (such as neutron stars) where the magnetism is due to the magnetic alignment of protons and neutrons.

[1] "Elementary Particles ," The Columbia Encyclopedia , 6th ed.

[2] The relative strengths of the forces differ widely from source to source.  The values shown here are from tables the author grew up with, but no longer has reference to.  Most sources today quantify the relative strength between the strong force and electrostatic force as being equal to the fine structure constant, which is totally baseless.  Some sources also show the relative strength between all the forces in terms of the electron fine structure constant.